Malware threats are getting smarter, faster, and harder to detect. Over 6.5 billion malware attacks were recorded worldwide in 2024, an 8% increase from the previous year.
In this guide, we will explain malware, its types, and how your organization can defend against these threats.
Key Takeaways
- Malware is malicious software that can steal data, lock systems, and spy on user activity.
- Businesses that handle client data, like law firms, healthcare providers, and accounting teams, are prime targets for malware-based attacks.
- A single infected file or weak file-sharing process can lead to breaches, downtime, or legal trouble.
- Secure file-sharing platforms reduce risk by scanning uploads, encrypting transfers, and keeping sensitive data out of harm’s way.
What Is Malware?
Malware stands for malicious software. It’s any software designed to compromise your device, steal your info, or allow cybercriminals to walk right in. It includes viruses, trojans, ransomware, and fileless malware.
Here’s what malware can do:
- Copy or steal confidential files
- Lock you out of your system (ransomware)
- Track what you type or click
- Slow down your computer or crash it
- Let outsiders control your device
- Spread to others in your network
Malware can infect your system in various ways, such as phishing emails, downloading unknown email attachments, and one thing people often forget about: unsecured file sharing.
If you work in legal, accounting, or healthcare, you deal with sensitive information daily. If safeguards aren’t in place, malware can quietly slip in and cause disruptions.
Titanfile is a secure file-sharing platform that protects against malware threats while sharing sensitive information. With built-in encrypted file sharing, audit trails and compliance with HIPAA, SOC 2, and other standards, TitanFile helps more than 500,000 professionals stay protected.
Malware vs. Virus
All viruses are malware, but not all malware are viruses. A virus is just one kind of malware. Malware is the bigger category, including viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware.
Viruses spread by attaching themselves to files or programs, while other malware types work differently. For example, spyware just hides and watches what you do.
Understanding Malware: An Overview
Malware, short for malicious software, encompasses a wide range of online threats designed to harm devices, networks, and users, often for the benefit of cybercriminals. From computer viruses and trojan horses to ransomware and fileless malware, these insidious programs can infect devices through various means, including phishing emails, malicious downloads, and software vulnerabilities, leading to a potential malware attack.
The objectives of malware attacks are to exploit devices and networks for the detriment of the user and the advantage of the hacker, often resulting in data theft, system failures, or financial loss. Given these high stakes, maintaining vigilance and adopting preventative measures to guard against malware and protect sensitive data is imperative.
11 Most Common Types of Malware
Common types of malware include:
- Viruses
- Worms
- Trojans
- Ransomware
- Adware
- Spyware
- Rootkits
- Keyloggers
- Fileless Malware
- Cryptojacking
- Hybrid Malware
Each type of malware has unique characteristics and methods of infection. These malicious programs can wreak havoc on computer systems by exploiting software vulnerabilities, spreading through malicious downloads, or disguising themselves as legitimate software to gain access to sensitive data and resources.
The methods used to spread malware are constantly evolving, making it increasingly challenging to detect and remove these threats. We will now examine each of these common types of malware, exploring their specific traits and infection strategies.
1. Viruses
Viruses are self-replicating code that infects applications and can cause data theft, DDoS attacks, or ransomware attacks. They propagate by modifying other computer programs, inserting their malicious code and executing it on the victim’s device. Despite numerous antivirus software available to counteract their effects, viruses continue to plague computer systems across the globe, targeting various operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Mac.
Keeping your operating system and applications up to date is the optimal way to protect yourself from viruses.
Read more: How to Protect Your Computer From Hackers and Viruses
2. Worms
Worms are standalone programs that spread rapidly and can execute payloads to damage systems, such as deleting files or creating botnets. Unlike viruses, worms typically cause damage to a network, even if only by consuming bandwidth. They propagate through computer networks by exploiting vulnerabilities or security flaws on the target computer to gain access.
Despite the absence of a payload, payload-free worms can still have a significant impact on network traffic.
3. Trojans
Trojans masquerade as legitimate software to trick users into downloading malicious software, which can be used to:
- Capture data
- Gain unauthorized access to networks
- Delete, modify, or capture data
- Harvest a device as part of a botnet
- Spy on a device
Typically spread through social engineering tactics, such as phishing, trojans can pose a serious threat to your security.
The payload of a trojan usually consists of a backdoor that provides the attacker with unauthorized access to the infected computer. This can potentially grant access to personal information, including:
- Internet activity
- Banking login credentials
- Passwords
- Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
4. Ransomware
Ransomware locks or encrypts your files and demands payment to get them back. Even if you pay the ransom, there’s no guarantee you’ll actually get a working decryption key. It can seriously disrupt both individuals and organizations by slowing down operations and sometimes causing days of downtime.
When files are shared without proper protection or antivirus scanning, attackers can slip ransomware into the mix, turning a simple download into a significant security incident.
Crypto-malware, a type of ransomware requiring payment in cryptocurrency, and ransomware attacks exploiting known security flaws, such as the EternalBlue vulnerability, demonstrate the ever-evolving nature of this threat.
In 2024, at least 85 hospital systems in the U.S. were affected by ransomware attacks, disrupting services across more than 1,000 hospitals.
5. Adware
Adware displays unwanted ads, tracks user activity, and can be managed through pop-up controls or ad-blockers. While not all adware is malicious, the risks associated with adware include the potential for a user’s privacy to be compromised, as data captured by adware is often collated with data collected from other sources and used to create a profile of the user without their consent.
Fireball is an example of adware which is said to have infected around 250 million devices. It does this by hijacking the browser and tracking each user’s web activity..
To manage adware, users can adjust the pop-up controls and preferences within their internet browsers or utilize an ad blocker.
6. Spyware
Spyware is designed to collect information about a user’s activity without permission. It can sneak in through software vulnerabilities, phishing emails, malicious downloads, and, importantly, through poorly secured file-sharing platforms.
This type of malware collects information about users’ activities without their knowledge or consent, such as:
- Internet activity
- Banking login credentials
- Passwords
- Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Phishing, social engineering and malicious downloads are the common ways to introduce spyware into a system. This type of software can cause harm to user’s data and privacy. Among the various types of spyware, keyloggers record user activity, potentially acquiring password data, financial data, and other confidential information.
7. Rootkits
Rootkits are a type of stealthy malware that subtly embeds themselves within a computer’s core, eluding conventional security scans and anti-malware programs. These insidious software entities employ intricate techniques to obscure their existence, making it extremely difficult for detection. Once entrenched, rootkits facilitate unauthorized access, allowing cybercriminals to take control of the compromised system.
They can manipulate system functions and processes, concealing their presence and making them an ideal tool for various malicious activities like data theft, keystroke logging, remote control, and creating secret backdoors. Rootkits provide attackers with the means to compromise system integrity and maintain prolonged, surreptitious access, all while evading detection by both human and AI-driven security mechanisms.
8. Keyloggers
Keyloggers are tools (either software or hardware) that secretly record everything a user types. They run in the background without you noticing and capture things like usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, and other private details.
Keyloggers can silently transmit this harvested data to malicious actors, allowing them to gain unauthorized access to personal accounts, confidential information, or even financial assets.
One way keyloggers can get into a system is through unsecured file-sharing platforms. If someone downloads a shared file that hasn’t been properly scanned or protected, a keylogger can be quietly installed without anyone realizing it.
9. Botnets
A botnet is a network of infected devices (called “bots” or “zombies”) secretly controlled by a hacker. Once your device is part of a botnet, it can be used to send spam, spread malware, or launch large-scale attacks like DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) without your knowledge.
Botnets spread through phishing emails, malicious downloads, or insecure file-sharing links. In workplaces, one infected device is enough to quietly become part of a botnet and put the whole network at risk.
Emerging Malware Threats
Emerging malware threats include fileless malware, cryptojacking, and hybrid malware, which combine various types of malware to create more sophisticated attacks. As technology advances and connectivity increases, new threats emerge, challenging traditional security measures and requiring constant vigilance.
Here are some emerging threats other than traditional malware:
10. Fileless Malware
Fileless malware doesn’t need to drop a file on your system to do damage. Instead, it uses built-in tools like PowerShell or WMI to run malicious code directly in memory. Since it doesn’t leave traditional traces behind, it’s tough for antivirus programs to catch.
Modern fileless attacks start with something simple, like a shared cloud file or document link that seems safe. If the file runs a macro or script, the malware can launch without installing anything.
Emerging in 2017 as a mainstream cyber threat, fileless malware poses a significant challenge to traditional security measures due to its ability to evade detection and persist even after a system reboot.
11. Cryptojacking
Cryptojacking involves unauthorized use of a victim’s computing power to mine cryptocurrency. This malicious practice embeds itself within a computer or mobile device and exploits its resources to mine cryptocurrency, potentially leading to data theft, diminished computing power, and financial loss.
As the popularity of cryptocurrencies grows, so does the threat of cryptojacking, making it a concerning trend in the world of malware.
12. Hybrid Malware
Hybrid malware combines elements of different malware types, such as trojans, worms, and viruses, to create more potent attacks. This type of malware can be especially challenging to detect and remove due to its unique combination of attributes and rapid spread. Examples of hybrid malware include ransomware and trojan worms, which integrate the characteristics of ransomware and worms or trojans and worms, respectively.
Many attacks target third-party file-sharing tools that businesses use with their cloud apps. When those integrations don’t follow strict update or access control practices, hybrid malware can exploit them to hit multiple systems simultaneously across departments, devices, and even partner networks.
Where Does Malware Come From?
Malware can originate from various sources, such as:
- Phishing emails
- Malicious websites
- Torrents
- Shared networks
Cybercriminals create and disseminate malware to gain financially from their activities, often exploiting unsuspecting users and vulnerable systems.
Understanding the common sources of malware can help users take appropriate precautions to protect their devices and networks from infection.
1. Phishing
Phishing is a malicious activity in which attackers impersonate reputable entities or individuals to obtain sensitive information or install malware. Typically occurring through:
- text messages
- phone calls
- other forms of communication
Phishing is widely used as a delivery mechanism for malware attacks.
To protect against phishing, users should be mindful of the signs of a phishing attack, such as suspicious emails or links, and exercise caution when clicking on links or downloading attachments.
2. Malicious Websites
Malicious websites are created by cybercriminals with the aim of:
- Stealing data
- Infecting devices with malware
- Installing dangerous software
- Collecting confidential information
- Interfering with computer operations
To ensure the security of your computer system, it is recommended to:
- Employ antivirus software
- Keep your operating system and software up-to-date
- Exercise caution when clicking on links or downloading files from unknown sources.
3. Torrents
Torrents are a method of distributing files over the internet using the BitTorrent protocol. Using torrents can lead to the distribution of malicious software, including viruses, worms, and Trojans, and potentially subject users to copyright infringement if they download copyrighted material.
To protect against malicious torrents, users should employ a reputable antivirus program to scan downloaded files for malicious software and only obtain torrents from reliable sources.
4. Shared Networks
Shared networks facilitate the sharing of resources between multiple users or computers, such as files, documents, folders, media, and other resources made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network. The risks associated with shared networks include the potential for malicious users to access shared resources, data breaches, and the spread of malware across the network.
Securing shared networks involves utilizing strong passwords, activating two-factor authentication, employing encryption, and regularly updating software and security patches.
5. Unsecured File Transfers
File transfers through unencrypted channels or outdated protocols can expose data to tampering or infection. Malware can easily be injected into files during the transfer or added to unscanned attachments.
Best practices include:
- Using secure, encrypted file transfer tools like Titanfile
- Scanning all incoming files with antivirus software
- Avoiding USBs or drives from unknown sources
6. Public Cloud Services Without Compliance Certifications
Your data might be exposed to higher risks if your cloud service provider lacks certifications like HIPAA, SOC 2, or ISO 27001. This is especially important for legal, accounting, or healthcare businesses, where handling sensitive client data is the norm.
How Malware Infects Devices and Networks
Often, malware sneaks in through overlooked gaps like software bugs, user mistakes, or weak security setups. Attackers often exploit:
- Known vulnerabilities in outdated software.
- Zero-day exploits (flaws that haven’t been patched yet).
- Social engineering, where users are tricked into clicking malicious links or downloading infected files.
- Weak passwords or passwords reused across multiple accounts.
- Lack of two-factor authentication (2FA).
- Poor encryption standards, especially in shared networks or cloud tools.
For example, a mid-sized accounting firm can receive what looks like a routine client file shared over a popular but non-compliant cloud storage link. If one employee downloads it without scanning it, the file will run a script that exploits an old software vulnerability and installs fileless malware.
Since the firm doesn’t have a 2FA set up, the attacker will quickly log into internal systems using stolen credentials. Within hours, client financial records will be exposed, and the firm will face data loss, possible regulatory fines, and loss of client trust.
Real-World Examples of Malware
Here are several cases where businesses suffered breaches due to malware infiltrating through file-sharing mechanisms:
1. Western Alliance Bank – MOVEit Exploit (2023)
In 2023, Western Alliance Bank was hit by a major data breach after attackers exploited a vulnerability in the MOVEit file transfer software, a tool for securely moving sensitive data.
The Clop ransomware group took advantage of the flaw and gained access to personal information like Social Security numbers, bank details, and even passport numbers. Over 20,000 individuals were affected.
2. Interpark – Malware Attack (2016)
South Korean e-commerce company Interpark fell victim to a targeted phishing attack in 2016. An employee opened a file sent in an email, thinking it was a harmless family photo. It contained malware that quietly spread through the company’s file-sharing servers.
The attackers extracted over 26 million pieces of customer data and later demanded $2.6 million in Bitcoin.
3. Disney – AI Tool Disguised Malware (2025)
In 2025, a Disney employee downloaded what appeared to be a productivity-boosting AI tool. But the download contained hidden malware. Once installed, it accessed the employee’s password manager and exposed both personal and company accounts.
The breach led to the leak of over 44 million internal messages, including sensitive employee and customer data. This highlights the growing risk of malware disguised as helpful tools, especially in environments where trusted apps and file-sharing links are used daily.
Detecting and Removing Malware
Detecting and removing malware involves using antivirus and antimalware software, monitoring for unusual activity, and staying informed about emerging threats. Various tools and platforms, such as Malwarebytes, CrowdStrike Falcon®, and Falcon Sandbox, provide comprehensive malware detection and removal capabilities to safeguard devices and networks from malicious attacks.
As the landscape of malware threats continues to evolve, we need to maintain vigilance and proactivity in our efforts to combat these digital adversaries.
One of the best ways to reduce the risk of malware infections is to block common malware entry points, like phishing attachments or infected cloud links.
Organizations that use secure file portals like Titanfile are better prepared to deal with such threats. Titanfile offers controlled, encrypted environments for sharing sensitive files with data residency in the U.S., Europe, and Canada.
Preventing Malware Infections
Since malware is so widespread and hundreds of thousands of new malicious files are reported every day, there’s no single solution that will prevent all malware. For this reason, we recommend using multiple solutions to add more layers of protection to your computers.
1. Use Software
Here is a list of some malware prevention software we recommend:
- BitDefender – BitDefender is a well-rounded anti-virus solution that is currently protecting over 500 million users worldwide. It offers unparalleled endpoint protection and virus protection. Free BitDefender trial.
- Malwarebytes – The most effective and widely-adopted anti-malware on the market. The scans are thorough and the program prevents you from executing malicious files and visiting malicious websites. Free Malwarebytes trial.
- TitanFile – TitanFile is an easy-to-use, secure file-sharing platform that enables you to send and receive confidential files securely. TitanFile automatically scans the files for malware before they’re downloaded to your computer. Free TitanFile trial.
- Spybots – Effectively protects you from spyware, protecting your private information and other data from being sent to third parties. Get access.
2. Be Cautious
A little common sense and caution can also prevent malware from infecting your computer. Here are some tips:
- If an email looks suspicious or too good to be true, don’t open it
- Don’t download files from non-reputable websites as they could contain malicious files
- Don’t use your work laptop on public networks
3. Developing Security Policies
Clear, written policies are essential, especially in organizations that handle confidential information. A basic malware prevention policy should include the following:
- Rules for downloading or sharing files
- Approved software and cloud platforms
- Password and 2FA requirements
- Device usage guidelines (especially for remote or hybrid teams)
4. Implementing Security Awareness Training
Security training helps your staff recognize and avoid threats before they cause damage. Instead of being the weakest link, your staff becomes the first line of defence.
You can train your staff by running short, regular cybersecurity sessions that cover phishing awareness, password hygiene, and safe file sharing. Your training should also include secure collaboration best practices, such as limiting access permissions, using encrypted channels, and ensuring all shared files are scanned automatically.
Add in simulated phishing tests, real-world examples, and quick refreshers every few months to keep security in mind.
When employees feel overlooked or overwhelmed, security tends to slip as well. As James Scott, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology, puts it:
“Hackers find more success with organizations where employees are under-appreciated, overworked and underpaid. Why would anyone in an organization like that care enough to think twice before clicking on a phishing email?”
The Impact of Malware on Mobile Devices
Mobile devices, particularly Android devices, are increasingly targeted by malware, which can be spread through:
- Downloads
- Links
- Bluetooth
- Wi-Fi connections
As our reliance on mobile devices grows, protecting them from malware threats becomes more critical.
Malware on mobile devices can compromise a device’s components such as the camera, microphone, GPS, or accelerometer, posing potential risks of data theft, financial loss, and privacy invasion.
Keeping abreast of mobile malware and implementing robust security measures can aid in protecting our mobile devices and the sensitive information they house.
The Evolution of Malware: A Brief History
The history of malware dates back to the 1970s, with the evolution of threats driven by technological advancements, increased connectivity, and the growing value of digital information. From the experimental Creeper virus in the early 1970s to the sophisticated attacks of today, malware continues to adapt and pose significant challenges to digital security.
Understanding the history and evolution of malware can help us better prepare for and combat the ever-changing landscape of cyber threats.
Protect Your Business from Malware With Secure File Sharing
Malware attacks often begin with something simple, like a file shared without the proper protections. For any organization, one unscanned attachment or unsecured transfer can expose sensitive data and cause real damage.
TitanFile helps you avoid that risk. With built-in malware scanning, end-to-end encryption, and industry-compliant file sharing, it’s a simple way to protect your team and clients.
If security matters to your business, TitanFile is a smart place to start. Get your free trial today!
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the common types of malware?
Malware is a malicious software which is typically used to infect computers or networks. Common types of malware include viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, adware, spyware, rootkits, keyloggers, fileless malware, cryptojacking, and hybrid malware.
How do viruses and worms differ in their methods of infection?
Viruses modify other programs to spread, while worms exploit security flaws to quickly spread across networks.
How can I protect my mobile device from malware threats?
To protect your mobile device from malware threats, stay informed on the latest mobile malware, use strong security measures and be cautious when downloading apps, clicking links or connecting to Bluetooth and Wi-Fi networks.
How can secure file-sharing platforms help prevent malware?
Secure file-sharing platforms scan files before download, use encryption to block tampering, and restrict access to prevent malware from spreading through shared links.
Is TitanFile secure against malware threats?
Yes. TitanFile scans all uploaded files for malware, uses end-to-end encryption, and meets compliance standards to keep shared data safe.